Stereotypes Black Women vs. White Women in the Media

In today’s society, there are intricate and subtle racial patterns in the mass media that show how powerful images play a significant role in shaping the attitudes of Whites toward Blacks. White Americans, they show, learn about African Americans not through personal relationships, but through the images shown by the media. . In short, they conclude that although there are more images of African-Americans on television now than ever, these images are often harmful to the prospect of unity between the races. With the advancement of technology such as advertisement, there has always been a stereotypical view of how women are portrayed in the media. For hundreds of years, women have been viewed as sexual objects in the eyesight of many†¦show more content†¦Black women are also seen as being poor, struggling, divorced or have a whole bunch of â€Å"baby mama drama.† This is strongly seen on TV shows like Jerry Springer and Maury. Women go on these national TV shows , feeling that it is the best way to find who the father of their child is. At times this results to multiple men taking paternity tests and for many the outcome is negative, still not knowing who the fathered their child. Thus, leaving the child fatherless and the women looking like whores. But not until now has there been an image like Clair Huxtable. Michelle Obama who is the wife of Senator Barack Obama, the first African American man to run for presidency, is the first Black women to be compared to the role of Clair Huxtable. She is alluring, intellectual, carismatic With her strong willed persona she holds the power of showing the world that a black woman can support her husband and raise a strong black family in America . â€Å"Michelle Obama will be the hero my little girls have been looking for. The hero doesn’t have to shake her booty or point her finger to get noticed and respected. My little girls finally have a role model† stated by Felicia Jones, a contributer on a blog. Like many who share the hopes of Felicia, there are many black women who have little in common with those seen in the media. â€Å"AsShow MoreRelatedBlack Women‚Äà ´s Identity in American Media and Culture1601 Words   |  7 PagesBlack Women’s Identity in Media and Our Culture When talking about black women’s image in media, what do you think about? Yes there may be many images but are they very many good images of black women. Are these bad images true images? These are all thing that run through my mind when I think of black women images. Sometimes I have to say that yes those bad images are true. I want to explore the different images of black women in Media. Do black women alter their images to look more EuropeanRead MoreRacial Segregation And Popular Culture1676 Words   |  7 Pagesleads to actions that are negatively interpreted in our cultures and diffuse in the media, which in turn, form prejudice and discrimination that structure systems to target minority groups. The two most frequent racial stereotypes in cultural and social agendas are popular culture and the media. Both frame images of African Americans and utilize the images to provide inequality. Popular culture reveals the white superiority and a racial hierarchy atmosphere in our society that both redefine AfricanRead MoreEssay on Portrayal of Black Women in Media1635 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican-American Women in Media The stereotypical misrepresentations of African-American women and men in popular culture have influenced societal views of Blacks for centuries. The typical stereotypes about Black women range from the smiling, a sexual and often obese Mammy to the promiscuous Jezebel who lures men with her sexual charms. However, the loud, smart mouthed, neck-rolling Black welfare mother is the popular image on reality television. These images portrayed in media and popular cultureRead MoreAfrican American Women : Hypersexualized Vs. Angry Black Woman807 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican American Women: Hypersexualized vs. Angry Black Woman African American women have not had the opportunity to land career changing roles in many years. Most roles that are offered are small roles where they are seen and not really heard. There has been a shift in the past few years where African American women have increased in their appearance in television shows. Minorities have been underrepresented in television shows in the years, however in recent years there has been a trend of moreRead MoreWhite Privilege And Male Privilege907 Words   |  4 PagesTo begin with, reverse-sexism, or sexism against cisgender men, simply does not exist. Women, non-binary people, trans-persons, and even other men cannot be sexist against men. Sexism is a form of oppression and cisgender men are not oppressed the way that women, persons who identify as non-binary, or those who are transsexual are. That is not to say that there is no prejudice or discrimination that exists toward men, because there definitely is, but it is not sexism. Sexism is part p rejudice, butRead More Blacks In Film Essay1169 Words   |  5 Pagesrepresentation is central to the study of the black film actor, since the major studios continue to reflect and reinforce the stereotyps of our times. The depiction of blacks in Hollywood movies reinforce many of the misconceptions of the white majority rather than objective reality, limiting black actors to stereotypical roles. The movie quot;Soul Foodquot; proved to be the inspiration for African-Americans hungry for balanced, realistic depictions of blacks in America The film is about a Chicago familyRead MoreEssay about The Facets of Womans Studies783 Words   |  4 PagesWoman’s studies is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to topics concerning women, gender and feminism; exploring our gender existence, how we perform femininity and masculinity and how this interacts with other aspects of our identities, such as race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and sexuality. Women’s studies emerged in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s as a concerned women being misrepresentation and trivialization in the higher education curriculum and as well as being excluded fromRead MoreThe Brown Vs. Board Of Education Case Decision935 Words   |  4 Pagesearly black History Africans Americans were looked at as an asset or a slave for the benefit of the white folks. This sense of ownership was detrimental in the day to African Americans pride and also their identity. According to History.com â€Å"Though it is impossible to give accurate figures, some historians have estimated that 6 to 7 million slaves were imported to the New World during the 18th century alone, depriving the African continent of some of its healthiest and ablest men and women†. AfterRead MoreThe Violence Of Black Americans Essay1532 Words   |  7 Pagespersonas. In fact it can enforce stereotypes of class and careers. It is evident that Black Americans are un-proportionally living in poverty and without easy access to achievement. This harsh reality is not helped by our media-driven society. In a world so heavily integrated with mass media hysteria, we scroll past posts that can have the countering effects of degradation or empowerment through our identities. While movements of Black Power can be painted through media, it also not hard to see the differenceRead MoreWhy Minorities Are Being Treated As Criminals By Police And The Justice System Based On Ethnic Background1528 Wor ds   |  7 Pagesbecause of its diverse backgrounds and multicultural society. The two largest groups of minorities in Canada are Aboriginals (general population=4%), Black people (general population=2.5%). Both of these visible minorities are also the largest incarcerated in Canadian Correctional Services: Aboriginals being 23% of incarcerated offenders and Black people being 9% (Griffiths Murdoch, 2014). The critical analysis of crime and criminal justice as social constructs uphold social, racial, political

U.s. History During The Colonial Period - 928 Words

One of the most significant events in U.S. history during the late colonial period was the Boston Tea Party. After the Boston Massacre in spring of 1770, all of the Townshend acts had been repealed except the tea tax, and tensions went down, for the most part, between the colonists and the British. Two years later, however, the Gaspee incident and consequent formation of the Committee of Correspondence brought the tension back, to an alarming degree. Then in 1773, when Lord North tried to help the British East India Company by allowing them to export tea to America without paying taxes, many colonists were furious. The price reduction in the tea was rightly seen as both a sneaky business tactic, and an attempt to pacify the colonies so Britain could continue taxing them unfairly. By December 16th of that year, a group of Patriots in Boston made a decision that turned out to have monumental consequences: Dressed as Mohawks, the rebels destroyed an entire shipment of British tea, throw ing over 300 chests of it overboard as other colonists cheered. Lord North and King George were furious and determined that â€Å"the colonists must either submit or triumph† (Tindall and Shi 128). This so-called â€Å"Tea Party† led to the creation of the Coercive Acts. Enacted by Parliament in 1774, they were designed to punish the rebels by setting harsh restrictions and rules. The Boston Port Act, for example, mandated that no one could use the Boston port until the East India Company was reimbursedShow MoreRelatedSomalias Struggle for Power Essay example1524 Words   |  7 PagesSomalia’s struggle for power to establish a sovereign Somali state has raised international concerns of terrorism, piracy, human trafficking and famine causing instability locally and throughout the Horn of Africa. Although U.S. backed Somali Federal Government (SFG) has had some recent success against the al Qaeda (AQ) linked al-Shabaab, Somalia continue to face local and regional border disputes. Somalia has historically relied on outside actors who later abandoned Somalia due to a shift in foreignRead MoreThe Rise of the Anti-Slavery Movement in the US Essay867 Words   |  4 Pa gesThroughout the history of America, the struggle between white and black Americans is by the far the most complex and long standing issue. Beginning with first contact between white Europeans and Africans during the English colonial period, Africans were immediately labeled with terms including savage and heathen. During the Antebellum period, institution of chattel slavery in America certain ideas of what the black man’s role in society became widely known and accepted. Stereotype such as the SamboRead MoreThe Founding Of European Colonies829 Words   |  4 Pagesestimates (U.S. Immigration Before 1965,† 2015). Throughout history, people from different places migrated to america for different reason. People migrated to america because of religious freedom, deracination, and economic opportunity. Religious freedom served as a main reason for Europeans to endeavor to the American colonies (â€Å"The Colonial Period,†2012). The founding of European colonies in North America corresponded with Protestant Reformation-one of the turning point events of human history. 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Just as the White and Blue Niles come together to form the imperative Nile river, the U.S. based Civil Rights Movement and the struggle for freedom in colonial states across the world are two imperative parts of a struggle against oppression. The authors of the readings present the idea that the local and the global are twoRead MoreObjectives Of European Colonization1189 Words   |  5 Pagesother islands, and returned back home with stories of the Indians he had met, believing China was just over the horizon. Even though Columbus was completely ignorant of the new continent he had encountered, his voyage changed the course of human history - fast. Within two years, the Pope had divided the so-called uncivilized world between Portugal and Spain in a deal known as the Treaty of Tordesillas. The islands Columbus explored became known for all posterity as the West Indies, and the nativeRead MoreEconomy of Brazil Essay1156 Words   |  5 Pagesaverage growth of 1.2% from (1994-1998). 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Relationship Between Knowledge Management And Decision Making Free Essays

Relationship between knowledge management and decision making In today’s complex and turbulent environment, knowledge management has become increasingly important in decision making. Unlike in the past where organizations employed consultants or experts to aid with the decision making process, these actors have today been replaced by knowledge managers and decision making is increasingly being supported by decision support systems with built in knowledge base (Gamble 2001). In this view, this paper examines the relationship between knowledge management and decision making. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Knowledge Management And Decision Making or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is no universally accepted definition of the term ‘Knowledge management’. However, in this context, it will be used in reference to the strategies and practices used by an organization to capture, store and distribute knowledge that is either embodied in individuals or embedded in the process and practices of the organization (Holsapple 1995). As noted by Joshi (2001), knowledge management has important implications on decision making in an organization. Effective KM should support the process of decision making and strategic planning. For example, knowledge management plays a major role in the planning phase of a project. Based on the current information, forecasters guide decision makers in making complex decisions in the business world characterized by increased risks and uncertainty. The entire decision making endeavour is made based on the outcome of forecasting, a knowledge intensive activity (Mohammed Jalal 2011). Knowledge management is thus important in tactical decision making. Knowledge management in organizations is supported by information technology. That is, Knowledge Management Systems rely on routines programmed in the logic of computational machinery (Malhotra 2004). The expertise and experiences of employees are stored in computerized databases. Both the tacit and explicit knowledge are stored in computerized databases and software programs for re-use in future (Malhotra 2004). In fact, most of the knowledge management experts acknowledge that technology contributes around 15% of the solution (Gamble 2001). However, technology in itself is not sufficient. Of great importance are the people with knowledge. People are the main determinant of the success or failure of knowledge management. But still, managing knowledge is no easy task. As suggested by Karlin Taylor (1998), acquiring knowledge is not the real problem that organizations face, rather the main challenge is the lack of skills to manage such knowledge in order to ensure effective decisions. It is a major challenge to capture knowledge such as data, information and experiences from individuals that possess them and to use such ingredients and transform them into knowledge that would enhance decision making (Mohsen et al. 2011) Practical examples where knowledge management guide decision making A perfect case where knowledge management can guide decision making is in the PC market. Given the competitive environment which has resulted in diminishing margins in the PC markets, Dell may need to shift focus to hosting services (Malhotra 2004). To do so more effectively, Dell would first have to harvest knowledge through experimentation, adaptation and innovation (Malhotra 2004). Then it would need to redefine both the business and customer value propositions. Another area where knowledge management has proven to be useful in decision making is the banking sector. Due to increase in competition and the growing integration of financial institutions, most banks are increasingly targeting at improving on customer satisfaction in order to continue to thrive. As such, the process of knowledge creation, storage and distribution has become essential such that banks have assigned specialized personnel to manage these critical processes (Mohsen et al. 2011). Knowledge management in banks is particularly evident in the fields of risk management, performance management, customer relationship management and marketing management (Jayasundara 2008). Banks have invested heavily in knowledge management systems such as Decision Support Systems, Data Mining and Data warehouses (Jayasundara 2008). Through such systems, banks have been able to improve and attain more efficient results in decision making. According to a survey by Reuters, it was found that 90% of the companies that deployed a KM solution had more efficient results in decision making (Malhotra 2001). The survey also revealed that 81% of the companies that deployed a KM solution experienced an increase in their productivity (Malhotra 2001). A similar study by Lui Young (2007) in the manufacturing sector showed that global manufacturing businesses utilized knowledge management systems such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Product Life Cycle Management (PLM) and Customer Relations Management to enhance their manufacturing decisions. Given the vital role that knowledge management plays in decision making, it is not surprising to find many organizations transforming knowledge from being an abstract concept to a tangible and manageable one (Oduoza 2010). But, whilst there is a general agreement that knowledge management enhances the decision making process and leads to worthwhile decisions, there are certain instances where such systems can fail. Why knowledge management systems may fail? Where knowledge management information systems are seen an end in themselves, failure is guaranteed. ‘Knowledge’ and ‘information’ have different meanings. Knowledge resides in the user and happens only through the processing, analyzing and filtering of data via human brain (Liew 2007). On the other hand, information refers to refined data that can be re-used (Liew 2007). The two are not the same yet many organizations fail to understand the difference and become frustrated when significant investments in technology fail to deliver the expected results (Paprika 2001). In order to harvest employee knowledge and to turn it into corporate knowledge that can be widely shared, strategic thinking and planning must come into play. Without a strategic plan or a guiding strategy for increasing margins, knowledge management information systems are bound to fail. For example, if the technology department is only department mandated with a knowledge management initiative, then such systems are unlikely to deliver the expected outcomes. To ensure the success of knowledge management systems, it is important to foster an environment that allows for knowledge sharing. Yet most organizations are still defined by hierarchical structures that do not support interdepartmental collaboration (Paprika 2001). Creating an organizational culture that supports sharing of knowledge is important to avoid such systems from failing. Also, too much focus on IT-based knowledge management may impair a firm’s capacity for knowledge creation (Malhotra 2000). Solutions often tend to specify the ‘minutiae of machinery’, ignoring the human psychology of how people in the organization acquire, share and create knowledge (Malhotra 2000). Such constrained and restricted perspective of knowledge management can be detrimental on a firm’s learning and adaptive capabilities (Malhotra 2000). In fact, it becomes more problematic in a dynamic environment that requires multiple interpretations and ongoing evaluation (Malhotra 2000). In order to address this weakness inherent in IT-based knowledge management, it is equally important to focus on the synergy of innovation and human creativity. Nonetheless, the process of decision making is a knowledge intensive activity. Explicit knowledge that is obtained from repositories and the tacit knowledge that is obtained through a one on one interaction between a manager and an employee can be used to support decision making. Reference Gamble, P.R., 2001. Knowledge management: a state of the art guide. Kogan Publishers Holsapple, C.W., 1995. ‘Knowledge management in decision making and decision support’. The international Journal of knowledge Transfer and Utilization, vol.8 (1), pp.5-22 Jayasundara, C.C., 2008. Knowledge Management in Banking Industries: uses and opportunities. Joshi, K.D., 2001. ‘A framework to study knowledge management behaviours during decision making’. Journal of the University Librarians Association of Sri Lanka, Vol. 12, PP.68-79. Karlin, S., and Taylor, H. 1998. An Introduction To Stochastic Modeling. Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt Lehaney, B., 2004. Beyond knowledge management. Idea Group Inc Liew, A., 2007. ‘Understanding data, information, knowledge and their inter-relationships’. Journal of knowledge Management Practice, vol.8 (2) Malhotra, Y., 2004. ‘Why Knowledge Management Systems FailEnablers and Constraints of Knowledge Management in Human Enterprises’. In: Michael E.D. Koenig T. Kanti Srikantaiah (Eds.), Knowledge Management Lessons Learned: What Works and What Doesn’t, Information Today Inc. American Society for Information Science and Technology Monograph Series, 87-112. Malhotra, Y., 2001. Expert Systems for Knowledge Management: Crossing the Chasm between Information Processing and Sense Making. Expert Systems With Applications, 20,1, 7-16. Malhotra, Y., 2000. ‘From information management to knowledge management: beyond the ‘hi-tech hidebound’ systems’. In: K. Srikantaiah M.E.D. Koenig (eds), knowledge management for the information professional. Medford, N.J., Information Today Inc., pp.37-61 Mohammed, W. and Jalal, A., 2011. ‘The influence of knowledge management system (KMS) on enhancing decision making process (DMP)’. International Journal of Business and Management, vol.6 (8) Oduoza, C.F., 2010. Decision support system based on effective knowledge management framework to process customer order enquiry, UK. Paprika, Z.Z., 2001. Knowledge management support in decision making. Budapest, Hungary Publishers Ltd. How to cite Relationship Between Knowledge Management And Decision Making, Essay examples

Contract and Agency Law

Question: Discuss about the Contract and Agency Law. Answer: Introduction: Business law is the framework of those laws that regulate the business and commercial activities. The laws of business have some major functions and these are creating benchmark, preserving order, solving arguments and safeguarding freedom and rights. The main function of any law is protection of the interests of the masses. Other important functions of law include the following, peacekeeping; keeping check on the exercise of power by government and promotion of personal freedom; promoting social justice; protecting the environment; promoting economic growth through free competition. The functions of law impart us with regulations and guidelines for the things or circumstances which can take form in future. In Singapore, business laws also follow these key functions. This is done through various acts and legislations applicable on a business carrying commercial activity in the country. To regulate commercial business law in Singapore, various legislations have to be followed which include the Singapore Company Law, the Law of Contract, Competition Law, the Law of Negligence, the Law of Guarantees, Economic Torts, Forms of Business organizations among the others. To better understand the applicability of these key functions an example has been taken. Companies carrying business in Singapore have to follow the Companies Act for various functioning of a company. This act contains provisions from the incorporation to the dissolution of a company. Section 3 of this act contains provisions of separation in the ownership and management, the statutory duties of a director, responsibility to behave in the best interests of company, responsibility to evade conflict of interest, responsibility to act for genuine purposes and effects of breach of fiduciary duties. Taking a closer look at this section clarifies that these have been drawn keeping in mind the basic principles of business law specially the principle of protection of interests of the company. By defining duties of directors, a check on power of directors can be carried. In any agreement, arbitration is a crucial clause for dispute redressal. An arbitration clause should be clearly and carefully drafted. To reduce the risks of dispute between the parties, certain key elements should be included in an arbitration clause of the agreement. This clause should clearly state the governing law which will be applicable in matter of a dispute. This clause should also define the governing law of arbitration that will be applicable. In case a previous dispute has been present in the past and otherwise, the clause should cover the scope of dispute. In other words, the clause should state all past disputes and possible disputes which may arise in future. The clause should also include how or who will appoint an arbitrator or the clause may state the name of arbitrator. The number of arbitrators should also be clearly stated in the clause as it varies from case to case. An example of arbitration clause in case of pre-existing dispute is given below: Any falling out or claim resulting out of or connection to this contract, or the violation thereof, has to be solved by arbitration regulated by the Singapore International Arbitration Centre as per its Arbitration Rules of the Singapore International Arbitration Centre. The number of arbitrators shall be three. The place of the arbitration shall be Singapore. Judgment on the award rendered by the arbitrator(s) may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof. The language of the arbitration shall be English. This contract is governed by the laws of Singapore Companies Act. A successful case of arbitration can be seen in the case of Yahoo Inc. v. Microsoft Corporation, No. 13 CV 7237 (PART I) (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 21, 2013). As per the definition of a contract, it can be oral or written. Even though it is preferred to have a written contract but an oral contract is also acceptable. But even in the oral agreements, consensus ad idem has to be present. The main elements of any contract are offer, acceptance, consideration and intention. In the given case, Ken had applied for a position as a driver. Lina, the HR, had laid down the terms of employment, on behalf of the company. After the interview was over, an offer for the position of driver was made to Ken and he had accepted the offer. The pre contractual statements made by the HR contained the terms of employment. This included the working hours of the company (from 9 AM to 5 PM). An assurance about the working days being Monday to Friday was given and also about weekends being off. The statement also included a work uniform to be worn by the driver. HR had also stated that being a new company, not many orders would have to be delivered. These pre contractual statements were made to induce Ken to enter into the contract of employment. These pre contractual statements of the HR are in the nature of misrepresentation which form a part of Vitiating factors. Vitiating factors of misrepresentative nature are voidable. The HR cannot assure whether the flow of work would be less or more. The misrepresentation here is of the fact. Taking inference from the case of Bisset v Wikinson (1972) , the HR cannot know about the flow of work as the company was new. Also, she stated the working hours as the usual and that there would be no need to work on weekdays. These statements have been made vaguely, and these may be false. Here, she failed to cross check whether these were the working hours of the company. So a misrepresentation by the virtue of failure in verification occurred. The most important part of misrepresentation here was inducement. All these statements were made to induce the driver in accepting the job offer. Ken had relied on these statements and hence the contract is voidable at the instance of Ken (driver). The statements about the remuneration package and the dress code would form part of the employment contract. If HR could prove that she knew that the working hours mentioned by her were the actual working hours of the company, even those would be covered in an employment contract and would be considered valid. References Mallor, J., Barnes, A.J., Bowers, L.T. and Langvardt, A., Business Law: The Ethical, Global, and E-commerce Environment, 14th edn, McGraw Hill, Boston, 2010. Mulcahy, L., Contract Law in Perspective, 5th edn, Routledge-Cavendish, London, 2008 Law 360, Microsoft Case Is Great Example of Emergency Arbitration, New York, December 13 2016, https://www.law360.com/articles/495144/microsoft-case-is-great-example-of-emergency-arbitration (accessed on 24 August 2016) London, A., Anatomy of an arbitration Part II: Key elements of an arbitration clause, Ashurst, https://www.ashurst.com/doc.aspx?id_Content=9363, July 2013, (accessed on 24 August 2016) Singapore Law, Commercial Law, https://www.singaporelaw.sg/sglaw/laws-of-singapore/commercial-law, 2016, (accessed on 24 August 2016) Singapore Law, The Law of Contract, https://www.singaporelaw.sg/sglaw/laws-of-singapore/commercial-law/chapter-8, 2016, (accessed on 24 August 2016)